Andrew Glikson Earth & paleo-climate scientist Australian National University

The state of the terrestrial atmosphere over the last ~10,000 years (Holocene), when conditions became amenable for agriculture and civilization, and over the preceding ~5 million years (Pliocene-Pleistocene) when prehistoric humans evolved, was constrained by a CO2 range of 180 to 300 ppm (https://wesfiles.wesleyan.edu/home/droyer/web/
Target_CO2_(Hansen_et_al).pdf), developed some 34 million years ago (end-Eocene) when atmospheric CO2 levels declined below 500 ppm (http://www.nature.com/nature/
journal/v446/n7135/pdf/nature05699.pdf; https://wesfiles.
wesleyan.edu/home/droyer/web/KurschnerCommentary(2008).pdf; http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7176/full/nature06588.html; http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/FACULTY/POPP/Royer%20et%20al.%202004%20GSA%20Today.pdf). A rise of CO2 to 400 ppm at ~3.0 million years ago resulted in 2 - 3 degrees C temperature rise, melting of large parts of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and sea levels of +25+/-12 metres higher than the present (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EOSTr..89..501R).

Toward the end-20TH and early 21ST century Homo “sapiens” is realizing its carbon emissions, totaling over 300 billion tons (GtC) since 1750, and other forms of interference with the global natural system, are leading to sharp departure from the conditions which allowed its success on the planet, including rapid warming of the atmosphere to near +1.3 degrees C (partly masked by emitted aerosols) above pre-industrial levels and acidification of the oceans (decrease in pH by near-0.1) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AYool_GLODAP_del_pH.png), endangering the marine food chain. 

Human inertia is paramount. Politics-as-usual and economics-as-usual can not argue with the laws of physics and chemistry, nor can they stop the climate from tracking toward increasingly dangerous states, likely approaching a tipping point of no return.

With Obama’s carbon cap-and-trade legislation now on Washington’s agenda and the upcoming vote in congress, following eight “good years” under Bush's "climate skeptic" presidency a well funded wake up call has been issued by an army of vested interests, companies and conservative think tanks (http://www.silobreaker.com/DocumentReader.aspx?Item=5_2262129835704844288; http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2131). Hiring no fewer than 2340 lobbyists on behalf of some 700 companies, one for every four congressmen, these people hope to water down, or even derail, effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, threatening a Senate filibuster. http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN2721089620090327 

These efforts are backed by the pro-carbon emission ideology of the recent (8-10 March, 09) Heartland Institute conference in New York, titled “Global Warming: Was it Ever a Crisis” (http://www.heartland.org/events/NewYork09/newyork09.html; http://members.greenpeace.org/blog/kert_davies/2009/03/09/denial_palooza_ii_heartland_climate_conf), linked to 50 or so think tanks which between them received $47 million in funds over the years from Exxon and the Koch and Scaife families, which made their first fortunes in the oil business (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/12/climate-change-sceptic-environment). 

A principal think tank is the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), more than 20 of whose staff have worked as consultants to the Bush administration. The AEI has received more than $1.6 million from ExxonMobil and is offering scientists cash grants of $10,000 if they were prepared to dispute reports by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/feb/02/frontpagenews. climatechange).

The "skeptics" case is being bolstered by the new “Climate Skeptics Handbook” published by Joannenova.com.au (http://joannenova.com.au/globalwarming/skeptics_handbook_2-0.pdf), provided to every participant in the New York conference, and published to the tune of 150,000 copies funded by an anonymous donor (http://joannenova.com.au/2009/03/22/skeptics-handbook-spreads-en-masse-150000-copies/). The book repeats long-discarded misconceptions inconsistent with either direct observations of the climate or with the basic laws of physics and chemistry (http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/3840).

Blurring the boundaries with science fiction, climate “skeptics” have included the late Michael Crichton, author of the “State of Fear” and a friend of George W. Bush (http://www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/fcrichton.asp). Currently they include luminaries such as Czech president Vaclav Klaus, who regards environmentalism as the new face of communism, stating “I see the biggest threat to freedom, democracy, the market economy and prosperity now in ambitious environmentalism, not in communism” http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2008/ss_politics0228_06_10.asp; http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/9deb730a-19ca-11dc-99c5-000b5df10621.html), presumably defining "freedom" as the right to use the atmosphere as open sewer for carbon gases. 

The scientific “star” of the Heartland conference is Richard Lindzen, an atmospheric scientist who regards Exxon as "the only principled oil and gas company I know in the US." (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6595369.stm), and whose opinions are cited throughout the ExxonMobil funded groups and conferences organized by the company (http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=17). Lindzen accuses school teachers asking questions about global warming as being “straight out of Hitlerjugen” (http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=ebd65ed3-80c2-441b-98ca-c4fbc7233e96&p=1; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-roberts/richard-lindzen-exxon-is_b_47082.html). Moving from denial to an attack on the scientific community, Lindzen stated: “endorsing global warming just makes their lives easier" (http://climateprogress.org/2009/03/09/richard-lindzen-heartland-denier/). 

Oblivious to physics, chemistry and climate science, the principal weapon of climate “skeptics” remains ad-hominem slur (“Gore lied” http://algorelied.com/?p=630), conspiracy theories and ad-infinitum use of terms such as “alarmism” and even “ecofascism” (http://www.akpress.org/1996/items/ecofascism).

Some "skeptics" appear to confuse, or pretend to confuse, the weather with the climate, misunderstand meaning of terms such as “average” or “trend”, hinging their arguments on transient cooling events. Lately, based on the La Nina cooling phase since 2007, some claim global cooling (http://www.worldclimatereport.com/index.php/2007/03/16/the-coming-global-cooling/) (would have been nice).

Some "skeptics" (http://www.heartland.org/full/24809/Heartland_Institute_Announces_Keynote_Speakers_For_International_Conference_On_Climate_Change.html) continue to claim climate change does not exist, or is caused by the sun (precise measurements of solar radiation disprove this theory), or by cosmic rays (which enhance clouding).

There are skeptics who argue that, since climate has always changed in the past, in particular during the glacial-interglacial cycles, 20th – 21st global warming is also of natural origin (http://www.smedg.org.au/plimer0701.html). They deny that warming since the outset of the industrial age, accelerating since about 1975 – 1976, represents the consequence of the emission of some 300 gigaton of carbon since about 1750. Some skeptics invoke the effects of solar radiation. However, whereas solar irradiance accounts for a rise by about 0.3-0.4 degrees during the first half of the 20th century, it stabilized from about 1970, following the 11 years sun-spot cycle which fluctuates within the range of +/-0.1 degrees C, while greenhouse-driven forcing rose by about +0.6 degrees C (Solanki, 2002:  http://noorderlicht.vpro.nl/attachment.db/18258097/Solanki.pdf). Since 1750 the total rise in atmosphere energy due to solar radiation is estimated at 0.12 Watt/m2 while the anthropogenic factor, due to emissions and land clearing, is estimated at 1.6 Watt/m2 (IPCC-AR4-2007 figure SPM-2: http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html; http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Print_SPM.pdf) 

Some "skeptics" (http://masterresource.org/?p=1280) invoke water vapor as a cause of global warming (evaporation is but a feedback effect, and vapor levels iare very low over the fast warming poles and desert regions). Other (http://joannenova.com.au/globalwarming/skeptics_handbook_2-0.pdf) point to the lag of CO2 rise behind temperatures during glacial age terminations (which is due to the delay in the release of CO2 from the oceans and biosphere, which lags behind the rapid warming induced by the ice-water albedo flip, namely the change from reflecting ice sheets to infrared-absorbing open water).  Other skeptics (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/02/070228-mars-warming.html) claim global warming occurs on other planets and is thus of extraterrestrial origin (no inter-planetary connection is known), or even due to geothermal rise (http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Earth_Heat_Adds_To_Climate_Change_To_Melt_Greenland_Ice_999.html) (the main connection of internal Earth processes is via volcanic eruptions). 

Publishing in politically friendly media provides a golden opportunity to gain public exposure and air grudges against science and scientists. A hallmark of climate change skeptics is the dissemination of doubt (“doubt is our product”) (http://www.desmogblog.com/directory/vocabulary/4067) and a reluctance to engage in direct public discussions with climate scientists. 

Attempts have been made to delete critical data sets, as in the film ”The Great Global Climate Swindle”, where mean global temperature data from the 1980s onward are not shown (http://rationallythinkingoutloud.wordpress.com/2007/07/17/abc-australias-tony-jones-and-the-great-global-warming-swindle-debate/).

The skeptics ignore the severe deterioration of the atmosphere-ocean system, as stated by the UK Hadley-Met in 19 December, 2008, the consequences of 5.5°C warming by 2100, which are "likely" on our current emissions path, are all but "unimaginable ­mass extinction, devastating ocean acidification, brutal summer-long heat waves, rapidly rising sea levels, widespread desertification" (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article5371682.ece;  http://climateprogress.org/2008/12/21/hadley-study-warns-of-catastrophic-5%C2%B0c-warming-by-2100-on-current-emissions-path/).

As indicated by Clive Hamilton in New Matilda (http://newmatilda.com/2008/05/19/death-rattles-climate-change-skeptics) there is little evidence the “climate change skeptics” worry their misunderstanding of climate science may lead to the death of billions and the likely demise of civilization. 

The legal status of disinformation campaigns aimed at the promotion of substances of proven fatal consequences, such as ozone-destroying CFCs, or the release of CO2 to levels over 350 ppm (http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/2008/TargetCO2_20080407.pdf), may yet prove to be the Achilles heel of global civilization.

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Andrew Glikson Earth & paleo-climate scientist Australian National University