Len Hart

Kwame Ture, better known to the American public as Stokely Carmichael, gave the Civil Rights movement its most memorable phrases and slogans, most notably, 'Black Power" and "Black is Beautiful". It was on the campus of the University of Houston that I heard Carmichael urge the 'radicalization' of every college and university campus in the nation. Many feared that the idea would catch on. But for the local and national media reps, I may have been the only 'white' face in the auditorium --a sign of the troubled times.

Later, white students, perhaps inspired to exercise 'student power', protested the US quagmire against the various 'peoples' in Southeast Asia. When they were fired upon at Kent State, four students were killed and nine others were wounded.

Certainly, white students were inspired to exert 'power' -- if not 'black power'. Both races were threatened with a 'draft' that would send them to SE to fight yet another war of US imperialism in defense of a string of faceless generals --all US stooges. An entire generation had proposed to change the world.

Despite the best efforts of a generation, we are now dictated to by a ruling oligopoly that represents but one percent of the nation's population. The oligopolists have partnered with their military wing --the 'Military/Industrial Complex'. It is an unholy alliance supported by an increasingly tiny, ruling elite of just one percent of the nation's population and a right wing media owned by just seven major, powerful corporations. It is an environment in which your so-called 'representatives' in Washington may ignore you with impunity.

Your only chance of making yourself preferences known are all but nullified by an obstacle course called the 'primary process', the object of which is to marginalize the independent vote, i.e, any not issuing from either wing of the establishment, that is, the Democrats and the Republicans.

Carmichael, the flamboyant civil rights leader, died of cancer in Conakry, Guinea at the age of just 57. In the mid-1960's he may have ignited a white backlash and alarmed even the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Nevertheless, he understood what every revolutionary of the period understood: the US 'establishment' is corrupt and illegitimate. His words are just as relevant today as they were when they were spoken. He spent his last 30 years in Guinea, advocating revolutionary agenda that was all but ignored in the US.

He joined the SNCC --the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee --in 1960 while a student at Howard University. By 1961, he became a member of what is remembered as the 'Freedom Riders', in which black and white volunteers sat next to each other as they traveled through the Deep South. Initially, the 'white' community regard the tactic as a deliberate provocation. And so it was! Violent reactions to it merely proved the point. Arguably, the tide had turned. Bigotry had been exposed. It was in 1966, that James Meredith began a solitary March Against Fear from Memphis to Jackson. He was soon shot by a sniper. Immediately, other campaigners, including Carmichael and Dr. Martin Luther King took up the banner the march in Meredith's name.

It was the 27th time that Carmichael had been arrested. Upon his release --on June 16th --Carmichael made his historic 'Black Power' speech in which he urged "black people in this country to unite, to recognize their heritage, and to build a sense of community".

Upon his release from jail on June 16, 1966, Carmichael made an impassioned speech on the topic of Black Power, railing against advocates of integration and calling instead for black rage and militancy:

"The advocates of Black Power reject the old slogans and meaningless rhetoric of previous years in the civil rights struggle. The language of yesterday is indeed irrelevant: progress, non-violence, integration, fear of 'white backlash,' ... One of the tragedies of the struggle against racism is that up to this point there has been no national organization which could speak to the growing militancy of young black people in the urban ghettos and the black-belt South. There has been only a 'civil rights' movement, whose tone of voice was adapted to an audience of middle-class whites.... We had only the old language of love and suffering. And in most places -- that is, from the liberals and middle class -- we got back the old language of patience and progress.... There is no black man in the country who can live 'simply as a man.' His blackness is an ever-present fact of this racist society, whether he recognizes it or not.... 'Integration' as a goal today speaks to the problem of blackness not only in an unrealistic way but also in a despicable way.... 'integration' is a subterfuge for the maintenance of white supremacy."

By this time, Carmichael had clearly rejected nonviolent civil disobedience as a vehicle for black progress. His desire instead was to burn all bridges between black and white America. Establishing himself as a committed black separatist, he denounced the integrationist Martin Luther King, Jr. as an "Uncle Tom" and began advocating armed violence as the favored means of promoting civil rights.

--Stokely Carmichael, A Guide to the Political Left

A book followed in 1967: Black Power. It was not universally embraced. The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) and Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), called Carmichael's ideas 'black racism' Nevertheless, 'black power' is more readily remembered than his other slogan: "Black is Beautiful". Madison Avenue failed to equal either slogan for their ability to 'brand' and 'position' not just a product but a movement and, at the same time, putting all opposition in a defensive posture from which they never recovered.

An American Revolution: Stokely Carmichael and the Civil Rights Movement Remembered

Both 'black power' and 'black is beautiful' went mainstream with Richard Roundtree as 'Shaft' and the Afro-hairstyle in TV's 'The Mod Squad'. When Carmichael denounced US involvement in Viet Nam, his passport was confiscated and held for ten months. When it was, at last, returned, he moved with his wife, Miriam Makeba, to Guinea, West Africa. In 1971, he wrote: 'Stokely Speaks: Black Power Back to Pan-Africanism.

Adopting the name, Kwame Ture, he helped establish an All-African People's Revolutionary Party as an aide to Guinea's prime minister, Sekou Toure. Carmichael was arrested by the new military regime in 1984. Charged with trying to overthrow the government, he was released after three days in prison. In November, 1998, Stokely Carmichael died of prostate cancer.

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By: Len Hart Revolution Delayed: Remembering Stokely Carmichael, via The Existentialist Cowboy